What Is It?
Relative humidity is a measure of the water vapour content of the air at a given temperature. It is expressed as a percentage of the maximum amount of water vapour that the air could contain at the same temperature. Relative humidity is dependent not only on the amount of moisture in the air, but also on the air temperature. The warmer the air, the more moisture it can hold. The opposite is equally true, in that, the cooler the air, the less moisture it can hold.
When the relative humidity of the air at a given temperature passes beyond it’s saturation point it can no longer exist as water vapour. At that point it reaches the dew point and condenses into liquid water.
What’s The Connection to Condensation?
In Canada, the temperature fluctuates with the seasons. In winter, obviously, the outside temperature is cold. Equally obvious is that fact that we keep the interior of our homes and buildings warm and comfortable, creating a significant difference between the colder outside air and the warmer inside air.
Inside our homes, we generate a significant amount of humidity. Everything from cooking to bathing to watering the plants releases water vapour into the air and, because the air inside our homes is much warmer, the relative humidity is higher than the air outside, just on the other side of the window.
The Point of Contact
What happens is that, as the warmer, more humid air comes in contact with the cooler surfaces of the window, the sudden drop in temperature has the immediate effect of increasing the relative humidity of that narrow band of air close to the window. As the relative humidity rises, it reaches 100% and since the air can hold no more moisture, the water vapour changes to liquid, condensing into droplets of water on the cooler surface.
Sometimes It’s Unavoidable
Most windows will have some condensation on the bottom edge of glass sometime during the winter. High performance windows, with energy efficient glazing and warm edge spacers, will reduce the amount and frequency of occurrence by raising the inside glass temperature. A double glazed low-e, argon filled, unit with a warm edge spacer could be 5 oC warmer than a standard unit.
The chart shows humidity levels that will likely produce unwanted condensation for standard windows and for high performance windows at various temperatures.
